Merge pull request 'fix: CompoundAssignUpvalue支持 + const变量赋值检查' (#2) from vm-bytecode into master

Reviewed-on: #2

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Aster
 
-Aster 是一门使用 Rust 编写的动态类型脚本语言解释器，基于树遍历（tree-walker）实现。无外部依赖，纯标准库。
+Aster 是一门使用 Rust 编写的动态类型脚本语言解释器，支持两种执行模式：**树遍历（tree-walker）** 和 **字节码 VM**。无外部依赖，纯标准库。
 
 ## 快速开始
 
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ cargo build
 # 启动 REPL（交互式）
 cargo run
 
-# 执行脚本文件
+# 执行脚本文件（树遍历模式）
 cargo run -- examples/script.ast
 
+# 执行脚本文件（字节码 VM 模式，性能更优）
+cargo run -- --vm examples/script.ast
+
 # 运行测试
 cargo test
 ```
@@ -84,6 +87,21 @@ while (true) {
     if (condition) { break; }
     if (skip) { continue; }
 }
+
+// for-in 遍历（数组 / 字符串）
+for (let item in [1, 2, 3]) {
+    print(item);
+}
+```
+
+### 模块系统
+
+```js
+// 加载并执行外部脚本，返回模块导出的对象
+let math = require("math.ast");
+print(math.add(3, 4));
+
+// 第二次 require 同一文件会返回缓存的对象（支持循环引用）
 ```
 
 ### 函数与闭包
@@ -144,23 +162,26 @@ let t = os.clock();           // 模块化调用
 ## 架构
 
 ```
-源码文本 → Lexer → Tokens → Parser → AST → Interpreter → 输出
+源码文本 → Lexer → Tokens → Parser → AST ──→ Interpreter（树遍历）→ 输出
+                                         └─→ Compiler → Bytecode → VM → 输出
 ```
 
 | 模块 | 职责 |
 |------|------|
-| `lexer/` | 词法分析。`Lexer::tokenize()` 将源码转为 `(Vec<Token>, Vec<Error>)`，Token 记录行列号用于错误报告，支持 `//` 单行注释 |
+| `lexer/` | 词法分析。`Lexer::tokenize()` 将源码转为 `(Vec<Token>, Vec<Error>)`，Token 记录行列号用于错误报告，支持 `//` 单行注释和 `/* */` 块注释 |
 | `parser/` | 递归下降 + Pratt 解析器。`Parser::parse()` 返回 `(Vec<Stmt>, Vec<Error>)`，遇到语法错误通过 `synchronize()` 跳过至下一条语句边界继续解析 |
 | `ast/` | AST 节点定义。`Expr`（表达式）涵盖字面量、变量、赋值、属性/索引访问、一元/二元/逻辑运算、函数调用、lambda 和对象/数组字面量。`Stmt`（语句）涵盖 let、表达式语句、块、if/while/for、函数、return/break/continue |
 | `interpreter/` | 树遍历求值器。`Env` 是基于 `Rc<RefCell<>>` 的链式作用域。`Signal` 枚举通过调用栈传播 `Return`/`Break`/`Continue`。`builtins/` 按 `io` 和 `os` 模块组织原生函数，同时注册为全局函数以方便使用 |
+| `vm/` | 字节码 VM。`Compiler` 将 AST 编译为基于栈的字节码，`Vm` 执行字节码指令。支持闭包 upvalue 捕获、3 层嵌套闭包、`require()` 模块加载。通过 `--vm` 标志启用 |
 | `error/` | 三种错误：`LexError`（行列号）、`ParseError`（Token）、`RuntimeError`（可选 Token） |
 
 ### 关键设计决策
 
 - **零外部依赖** — 全部基于 Rust 标准库构建
+- **双执行模式** — 树遍历模式（默认，适合交互和调试）和字节码 VM 模式（`--vm`，约 40% 性能提升），共享同一 AST 和运行时语义
 - **错误容忍解析** — 词法分析器和解析器均将错误收集到 `Vec` 中，单次运行可报告多个诊断信息，而非在第一个错误处就中止
 - **`Rc<RefCell<>>` 共享所有权** — 用于 `Env` 链、`Value::Object`、`Value::Array` 和 `Value::Function`，提供动态可变语义
-- **词法作用域闭包** — `Function` 在定义时捕获 `Env`，lambda 表达式同理
+- **词法作用域闭包** — `Function` 在定义时捕获 `Env`，lambda 表达式同理；VM 通过 upvalue 机制支持最多 3 层传递式捕获
 
 ## 许可证
 

aster-core/examples/benchmark.ast

@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+// ============================================================================
+// Aster 性能基准测试
+// 运行: cargo run -- examples/benchmark.ast
+// 目的: 用于树遍历解释器 vs VM 的性能对比
+//
+// 注: debug 模式下总耗时约 30-60s，release 模式会快 10-50x
+// ============================================================================
+
+// --- 高阶工具函数 (被后续 benchmark 使用) ---
+
+fn map(arr, func) {
+    let result = []
+    for (x in arr) {
+        push(result, func(x))
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+fn filter(arr, pred) {
+    let result = []
+    for (x in arr) {
+        if (pred(x)) {
+            push(result, x)
+        }
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+fn reduce(arr, func, init) {
+    let acc = init
+    for (x in arr) {
+        acc = func(acc, x)
+    }
+    return acc
+}
+
+fn sort(arr) {
+    let n = len(arr)
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < n - 1) {
+        let j = 0
+        while (j < n - i - 1) {
+            if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
+                let tmp = arr[j]
+                arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
+                arr[j + 1] = tmp
+            }
+            j = j + 1
+        }
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return arr
+}
+
+// --- 基准测试框架 ---
+
+fn bench(name, thunk) {
+    let t0 = clock()
+    let result = thunk()
+    let t1 = clock()
+    let elapsed = t1 - t0
+    print(name + ": " + result + "  \ttime=" + elapsed + "s")
+    return result
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 1. 算术运算压测 — 测试基本运算 + 循环调度开销
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("=== 1. Arithmetic ===")
+
+bench("1a. int loop 1M", fn() {
+    let sum = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 1000000) {
+        sum = sum + i
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return sum
+})
+
+bench("1b. FP mul 500K", fn() {
+    let x = 1.0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 500000) {
+        x = x * 1.00001
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return x
+})
+
+bench("1c. compound assign 1M", fn() {
+    let a = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 1000000) {
+        a += i
+        i += 1
+    }
+    return a
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 2. 函数调用开销 — 测试各种调用模式
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 2. Function Calls ===")
+
+fn empty() { return 42 }
+
+bench("2a. call empty fn 200K", fn() {
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        empty()
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return empty()
+})
+
+fn add(a, b) { return a + b }
+
+bench("2b. call add(a,b) 200K", fn() {
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        s = add(s, i)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+fn fact(n) {
+    if (n <= 1) { return 1 }
+    return n * fact(n - 1)
+}
+
+bench("2c. recursion fact(10) 10K", fn() {
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 10000) {
+        fact(10)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return fact(10)
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 3. 闭包压测 — 闭包创建与调用
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 3. Closures ===")
+
+fn make_mult(k) {
+    return fn(x) { return x * k }
+}
+
+bench("3a. create + call closure 100K", fn() {
+    let m = make_mult(7)
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 100000) {
+        s = s + m(i)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+bench("3b. inline lambda map 10K", fn() {
+    let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+    let i = 0
+    let s = 0
+    while (i < 10000) {
+        let doubled = map(arr, fn(x) { return x * 2 })
+        s = s + doubled[0]
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 4. 数组操作
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 4. Array ===")
+
+bench("4a. array index get 1M", fn() {
+    let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 1000000) {
+        s = s + arr[i % 10]
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+bench("4b. array index set 500K", fn() {
+    let arr = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 500000) {
+        arr[i % 10] = i
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return arr[0] + arr[9]
+})
+
+bench("4c. push + pop 100K", fn() {
+    let arr = []
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 100000) {
+        push(arr, i)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    while (len(arr) > 0) {
+        pop(arr)
+    }
+    return len(arr)
+})
+
+bench("4d. for-in array 10K items", fn() {
+    let arr = []
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 10000) {
+        push(arr, i)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    let s = 0
+    for (x in arr) {
+        s = s + x
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 5. 对象操作
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 5. Object ===")
+
+bench("5a. object field read 200K", fn() {
+    let obj = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5 }
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        s = s + obj.a + obj.b + obj.c
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+bench("5b. object field write 200K", fn() {
+    let obj = { x: 0, y: 0 }
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        obj.x = i
+        obj.y = obj.x + 1
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return obj.x + obj.y
+})
+
+bench("5c. object bracket get 200K", fn() {
+    let obj = { name: "test", age: 25 }
+    let s = ""
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        s = obj["name"]
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 6. 字符串操作
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 6. String ===")
+
+bench("6a. string concat 50K", fn() {
+    let s = ""
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 50000) {
+        s = s + "a"
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return len(s)
+})
+
+bench("6b. split + join pattern 10K", fn() {
+    let csv = "alice,bob,carol,dave,eve"
+    let i = 0
+    let c = 0
+    while (i < 10000) {
+        let parts = split(csv, ",")
+        c = c + len(parts)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return c
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 7. 高阶函数链 — map/filter/reduce
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 7. Higher-order ===")
+
+bench("7a. map+filter+reduce chain 1000", fn() {
+    let data = []
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 100) {
+        push(data, i)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    let n = 0
+    while (n < 1000) {
+        let r = reduce(
+            map(
+                filter(data, fn(x) { return x % 2 == 0 }),
+                fn(x) { return x * x }
+            ),
+            fn(a, b) { return a + b },
+            0
+        )
+        n = n + 1
+    }
+    return n
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 8. 复杂算法 — 冒泡排序
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 8. Algorithms ===")
+
+bench("8a. bubble sort 100 items x 50", fn() {
+    let template = [42, 17, 8, 99, 3, 56, 23, 91, 5, 67,
+                    34, 12, 78, 1, 55, 88, 19, 73, 44, 28,
+                    66, 37, 81, 14, 50, 95, 7, 63, 29, 41,
+                    85, 21, 52, 9, 76, 33, 68, 15, 47, 92,
+                    25, 58, 4, 71, 39, 83, 11, 54, 97, 30,
+                    64, 18, 49, 2, 87, 36, 74, 22, 59, 45,
+                    90, 6, 53, 27, 80, 13, 48, 94, 31, 69,
+                    16, 57, 43, 89, 24, 61, 8, 75, 38, 46,
+                    100, 20, 65, 10, 79, 35, 72, 26, 82, 51,
+                    98, 32, 77, 40, 84, 62, 93, 3, 70, 70]
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 50) {
+        let arr = []
+        let j = 0
+        while (j < 100) {
+            push(arr, template[j])
+            j = j + 1
+        }
+        sort(arr)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return i
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 9. 斐波那契 — 递归 vs 迭代对比
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 9. Fibonacci ===")
+
+fn fib_rec(n) {
+    if (n <= 1) { return n }
+    return fib_rec(n - 1) + fib_rec(n - 2)
+}
+
+bench("9a. fib_rec(25) x 10", fn() {
+    let i = 0
+    let r = 0
+    while (i < 10) {
+        r = fib_rec(25)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return r
+})
+
+fn fib_iter(n) {
+    if (n <= 1) { return n }
+    let a = 0
+    let b = 1
+    let i = 2
+    while (i <= n) {
+        let tmp = a + b
+        a = b
+        b = tmp
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return b
+}
+
+bench("9b. fib_iter(100) x 10K", fn() {
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 10000) {
+        fib_iter(100)
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return fib_iter(100)
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 10. 变量访问 — 全局 vs 局部 vs 深层闭包
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 10. Variable Access ===")
+
+let g = 100
+
+fn use_global() {
+    return g + 1
+}
+
+bench("10a. global var read 200K", fn() {
+    let i = 0
+    let s = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        s = s + g
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+bench("10b. local var read 200K", fn() {
+    let local = 100
+    let i = 0
+    let s = 0
+    while (i < 200000) {
+        s = s + local
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+fn deep_scope() {
+    let a = 1
+    let b = 2
+    let c = 3
+    let d = 4
+    let e = 5
+    return fn() {
+        return fn() {
+            return fn() {
+                return a + b + c + d + e
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bench("10c. nested closure call 100K", fn() {
+    let get = deep_scope()()()
+    let i = 0
+    let s = 0
+    while (i < 100000) {
+        s = s + get()
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 11. 分支判断
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 11. Conditionals ===")
+
+bench("11a. if-else chain 500K", fn() {
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 500000) {
+        if (i % 3 == 0) {
+            s = s + 1
+        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
+            s = s + 2
+        } else {
+            s = s + 3
+        }
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 12. 综合混合负载
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== 12. Mixed Workload ===")
+
+bench("12a. mixed (arith+obj+array+call)", fn() {
+    let s = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < 50000) {
+        s = s + i * 2 - i / 2 + i % 7
+
+        let pt = { x: i, y: i + 1, z: i + 2 }
+        s = s + pt.x + pt.y - pt.z
+
+        let arr = [i, i + 1, i + 2, i + 3, i + 4]
+        s = s + arr[0] + arr[i % 5]
+
+        s = s + add(pt.x, arr[1])
+
+        i = i + 1
+    }
+    return s
+})
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 13. 总结
+// ============================================================================
+
+print("")
+print("=== Benchmark Complete ===")

aster-core/src/ast/expr.rs

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub enum LogicalOp {
     Or,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AssignOp {
     Equal,      // =
     PlusEqual,  // +=

aster-core/src/interpreter/builtins/core.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! 标准库：core（len, typeof, push, pop）
 
 use crate::error::RuntimeError;
-use crate::interpreter::{Interpreter, Value};
+use crate::interpreter::{Runtime, Value};
 
-pub fn len(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn len(_runtime: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "len() expects 1 argument".into(),
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn len(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runtime
     }
 }
 
-pub fn typeof_fn(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn typeof_fn(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "typeof() expects 1 argument".into(),
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn typeof_fn(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
     Ok(Value::String(s.into()))
 }
 
-pub fn push(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn push(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "push() expects 2 arguments (array, value)".into(),
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn push(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runtim
     }
 }
 
-pub fn pop(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn pop(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "pop() expects 1 argument (array)".into(),

aster-core/src/interpreter/builtins/io.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! 标准库：io（print, input）
 
 use crate::error::RuntimeError;
-use crate::interpreter::{Interpreter, Value};
+use crate::interpreter::{Runtime, Value};
 
-pub fn print(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn print(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     for arg in args.iter() {
         print!("{}", arg);
     }
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub fn print(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runti
     Ok(Value::Nil)
 }
 
-pub fn input(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn input(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if let Some(prompt) = args.get(0) {
         print!("{}", prompt);
         std::io::Write::flush(&mut std::io::stdout()).unwrap();

aster-core/src/interpreter/builtins/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! 内置函数模块：按功能分组注册，便于扩展和维护。
 
-mod core;
-mod io;
-mod os;
+pub mod core;
+pub mod io;
+pub mod os;
 pub mod string;
 
 use crate::interpreter::{Env, Value};

aster-core/src/interpreter/builtins/os.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! 标准库：os（clock）
 
 use crate::error::RuntimeError;
-use crate::interpreter::{Interpreter, Value};
+use crate::interpreter::{Runtime, Value};
 
-pub fn clock(_interp: &mut Interpreter, _args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn clock(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, _args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     Ok(Value::Number(
         std::time::SystemTime::now()
             .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)

aster-core/src/interpreter/builtins/string.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! 标准库：string（split, trim, substring, replace, contains, upper, lower, starts_with, ends_with）
 
 use crate::error::RuntimeError;
-use crate::interpreter::{Interpreter, Value};
+use crate::interpreter::{Runtime, Value};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn require_string(val: &Value, arg_name: &str) -> Result<String, RuntimeError> {
 // split(str, delim) → array of substrings
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn split(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn split(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "split() expects 2 arguments (string, delimiter)".into(),
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn split(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runti
 // trim(str) → string with leading/trailing whitespace removed
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn trim(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn trim(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "trim() expects 1 argument (string)".into(),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn trim(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runtim
 // substring(str, start, len?) → substring
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn substring(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn substring(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "substring() expects at least 2 arguments (string, start, len?)".into(),
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn substring(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
 // replace(str, old, new) → string with all occurrences replaced
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn replace(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn replace(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 3 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "replace() expects 3 arguments (string, old, new)".into(),
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn replace(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Run
 // contains(str, needle) → bool
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn contains(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn contains(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "contains() expects 2 arguments (string, needle)".into(),
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub fn contains(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Ru
 // upper(str) → uppercase (ASCII)
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn upper(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn upper(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "upper() expects 1 argument (string)".into(),
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub fn upper(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runti
 // lower(str) → lowercase (ASCII)
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn lower(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn lower(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "lower() expects 1 argument (string)".into(),
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub fn lower(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, Runti
 // starts_with(str, prefix) → bool
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn starts_with(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn starts_with(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "starts_with() expects 2 arguments (string, prefix)".into(),
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub fn starts_with(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value,
 // ends_with(str, suffix) → bool
 // ============================================================================
 
-pub fn ends_with(_interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+pub fn ends_with(_interp: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
             message: "ends_with() expects 2 arguments (string, suffix)".into(),

aster-core/src/interpreter/eval.rs

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl super::Interpreter {
                 "length" => Ok(Value::Number(arr.borrow().len() as f64)),
                 "push" => {
                     let arr = Rc::clone(&arr);
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, mut args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, mut args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let val = args.pop().unwrap_or(Value::Nil);
                         arr.borrow_mut().push(val.clone());
                         Ok(val)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl super::Interpreter {
                 }
                 "pop" => {
                     let arr = Rc::clone(&arr);
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, _args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, _args: Vec<Value>| {
                         arr.borrow_mut()
                             .pop()
                             .ok_or_else(|| RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
@@ -129,74 +129,74 @@ impl super::Interpreter {
                 "length" => Ok(Value::Number(s.chars().count() as f64)),
                 "upper" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::upper(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::upper(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "lower" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::lower(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::lower(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "trim" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::trim(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::trim(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "substring" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::substring(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::substring(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "replace" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::replace(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::replace(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "contains" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::contains(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::contains(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "starts_with" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::starts_with(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::starts_with(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "ends_with" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::ends_with(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::ends_with(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 "split" => {
                     let s = s.clone();
-                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |_interp: &mut Self, args: Vec<Value>| {
+                    Ok(Value::NativeFunction(Rc::new(move |runtime: &mut dyn super::Runtime, args: Vec<Value>| {
                         let mut all_args = vec![Value::String(s.clone())];
                         all_args.extend(args);
-                        super::builtins::string::split(_interp, all_args)
+                        super::builtins::string::split(runtime, all_args)
                     })))
                 }
                 _ => Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ impl super::Interpreter {
 
     pub fn call_function(&mut self, func_val: Value, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
         match func_val {
-            Value::NativeFunction(native_fn) => native_fn(self, args),
+            Value::NativeFunction(native_fn) => native_fn(self as &mut dyn super::Runtime, args),
             Value::Function(f) => self.call_user_function(f, args),
             _ => Err(RuntimeError::RuntimeError {
                 message: "Attempt to call non-function".to_string(),

aster-core/src/interpreter/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,16 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::fmt;
 
-pub type NativeFn = Rc<dyn Fn(&mut super::Interpreter, Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, crate::error::RuntimeError>>;
+/// Trait abstracting runtime services that native functions may need.
+/// Both the tree-walking `Interpreter` and the bytecode `Vm` implement this.
+pub trait Runtime {
+    /// Load and execute a module, returning its exports object.
+    /// Implementations differ: tree-walker interprets directly,
+    /// VM compiles to bytecode then executes.
+    fn require(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<Value, crate::error::RuntimeError>;
+}
+
+pub type NativeFn = Rc<dyn Fn(&mut dyn Runtime, Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, crate::error::RuntimeError>>;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Value {

aster-core/src/interpreter/module.rs

@@ -8,15 +8,20 @@
 use crate::error::RuntimeError;
 use crate::lexer::Lexer;
 use crate::parser::Parser;
-use super::{Interpreter, Env, Value, Signal};
+use super::{Interpreter, Env, Value, Signal, Runtime};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-/// require() 的内置函数实现
-pub fn require_fn(interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    // 1. 参数验证
+impl Runtime for Interpreter {
+    fn require(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+        require_impl(self, path)
+    }
+}
+
+/// require() 的内置函数实现 — 薄包装，委托给 Runtime::require
+pub fn require_fn(runtime: &mut dyn Runtime, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     let path_str = match args.first() {
         Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
         Some(other) => return Err(runtime_error(format!(
@@ -24,28 +29,32 @@ pub fn require_fn(interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
         None => return Err(runtime_error(
             "require() expects 1 argument (string path)")),
     };
+    runtime.require(&path_str)
+}
 
-    // 2. 路径解析
-    let resolved = resolve_path(&interp.current_dir, &path_str)?;
+/// require() 的内部实现 (供 Interpreter::require 使用)
+fn require_impl(interp: &mut Interpreter, path_str: &str) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    // 1. 路径解析
+    let resolved = resolve_path(&interp.current_dir, path_str)?;
 
-    // 3. 缓存查找
+    // 2. 缓存查找
     if let Some(cached) = interp.module_cache.borrow().get(&resolved) {
         return Ok(cached.clone());
     }
 
-    // 4. 读取文件
+    // 3. 读取文件
     let src = std::fs::read_to_string(&resolved)
         .map_err(|e| runtime_error(format!(
             "Module '{}' not found: {}", path_str, e)))?;
 
-    // 5. 词法分析
+    // 4. 词法分析
     let (tokens, lex_errors) = Lexer::new(&src).tokenize();
     if !lex_errors.is_empty() {
         return Err(runtime_error(format!(
             "Lex error in module '{}': {}", path_str, lex_errors[0])));
     }
 
-    // 6. 语法分析
+    // 5. 语法分析
     let mut parser = Parser::new(tokens);
     let (stmts, parse_errors) = parser.parse();
     if !parse_errors.is_empty() {
@@ -53,27 +62,26 @@ pub fn require_fn(interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
             "Parse error in module '{}': {}", path_str, parse_errors[0])));
     }
 
-    // 7. 创建隔离的模块 env（父级 = builtins_env，看不到调用者的变量）
+    // 6. 创建隔离的模块 env（父级 = builtins_env，看不到调用者的变量）
     let module_env = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Env::new(Some(Rc::clone(&interp.builtins_env)))));
 
-    // 8. 在缓存中插入占位符（支持循环 require）
+    // 7. 在缓存中插入占位符（支持循环 require）
     let exports_map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::new()));
     let exports = Value::Object(Rc::clone(&exports_map));
     interp.module_cache.borrow_mut().insert(resolved.clone(), exports.clone());
 
-    // 9. 保存调用者状态
+    // 8. 保存调用者状态
     let previous_env = Rc::clone(&interp.env);
     let previous_dir = interp.current_dir.clone();
 
-    // 10. 切换到模块上下文
+    // 9. 切换到模块上下文
     interp.env = module_env.clone();
     interp.current_dir = module_dir(&resolved);
 
-    // 11. 执行模块
+    // 10. 执行模块
     for stmt in &stmts {
         match interp.execute(stmt.clone()) {
             Ok(Signal::Break) | Ok(Signal::Continue) => {
-                // 恢复状态后返回错误
                 interp.env = previous_env;
                 interp.current_dir = previous_dir;
                 interp.module_cache.borrow_mut().remove(&resolved);
@@ -81,23 +89,20 @@ pub fn require_fn(interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
                     "break/continue outside of loop in module"));
             }
             Err(e) => {
-                // 恢复状态后传播错误
                 interp.env = previous_env;
                 interp.current_dir = previous_dir;
                 interp.module_cache.borrow_mut().remove(&resolved);
                 return Err(e);
             }
-            Ok(Signal::None) | Ok(Signal::Return(_)) => {
-                // 正常执行或顶层 return，继续
-            }
+            Ok(Signal::None) | Ok(Signal::Return(_)) => {}
         }
     }
 
-    // 12. 恢复调用者状态
+    // 11. 恢复调用者状态
     interp.env = previous_env;
     interp.current_dir = previous_dir;
 
-    // 13. 收集 exports（模块 env 中的所有直接绑定）
+    // 12. 收集 exports（模块 env 中的所有直接绑定）
     for (name, (val, _mutable)) in module_env.borrow().values.clone() {
         exports_map.borrow_mut().insert(name, val);
     }
@@ -109,7 +114,6 @@ pub fn require_fn(interp: &mut Interpreter, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, R
 // Helpers
 // ============================================================================
 
-/// 解析模块路径：相对路径基于 current_dir，用 canonicalize 规范化
 fn resolve_path(current_dir: &str, path_str: &str) -> Result<String, RuntimeError> {
     let path = Path::new(path_str);
     let resolved = if path.is_absolute() {
@@ -124,7 +128,6 @@ fn resolve_path(current_dir: &str, path_str: &str) -> Result<String, RuntimeErro
             path_str, resolved.display())))
 }
 
-/// 提取模块文件所在目录
 fn module_dir(resolved: &str) -> String {
     Path::new(resolved)
         .parent()

aster-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ pub mod lexer;
 pub mod ast;
 pub mod parser;
 pub mod interpreter;
+pub mod vm;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod analysis;
 
 use lexer::Lexer;
 use parser::Parser;
 use interpreter::Interpreter;
+use vm::compiler::Compiler;
+use vm::vm::Vm;
 use error::RuntimeError;
 
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -46,6 +49,41 @@ pub fn run_file(filename: &str, src: String) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Run a file using the bytecode VM (for performance comparison).
+pub fn run_file_vm(filename: &str, src: String) {
+    let (tokens, lex_errors) = Lexer::new(&src).tokenize();
+    if !lex_errors.is_empty() {
+        print_errors(&lex_errors);
+        std::process::exit(65);
+    }
+
+    let mut parser = Parser::new(tokens);
+    let (stmts, parse_errors) = parser.parse();
+    if !parse_errors.is_empty() {
+        print_errors(&parse_errors);
+        std::process::exit(65);
+    }
+
+    let script_dir = std::path::Path::new(filename)
+        .parent()
+        .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| ".".to_string());
+
+    let proto = match Compiler::compile(&stmts) {
+        Ok(p) => p,
+        Err(e) => {
+            eprintln!("Compile Error: {}", e);
+            std::process::exit(70);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut vm = Vm::with_current_dir(script_dir);
+    if let Err(e) = vm.run(std::rc::Rc::new(proto)) {
+        eprintln!("Error: {}", e);
+        std::process::exit(70);
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn run_repl() {
     println!("Welcome to Aster REPL!");
     println!("Type ':exit' to quit.");

aster-core/src/vm/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod opcode;
+pub mod compiler;
+pub mod vm;

aster-core/src/vm/opcode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! Bytecode opcode definitions for the Aster VM.
+//!
+//! Each instruction is encoded as a 1-byte opcode tag followed by
+//! variable-length operands (u8 for local slots, u16 for constant pool
+//! indices, i16 for relative jump offsets).
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum OpCode {
+    // --- Stack manipulation ---
+    Pop = 0,
+    Dup = 1,
+
+    // --- Constants (operand: u16 index into constant pool) ---
+    LoadConst = 2,
+    LoadNil = 3,
+    LoadTrue = 4,
+    LoadFalse = 5,
+
+    // --- Local variables (operand: u8 slot index) ---
+    LoadLocal = 6,
+    StoreLocal = 7,
+    LoadUpvalue = 42,   // operand: u8 upvalue index
+    StoreUpvalue = 43,  // operand: u8 upvalue index
+
+    // --- Global variables (operand: u16 index into constant pool for name) ---
+    LoadGlobal = 8,
+    StoreGlobal = 9,
+    DefineGlobal = 10,
+
+    // --- Property access (operand: u16 index into constant pool for name) ---
+    GetProperty = 11,
+    SetProperty = 12,
+
+    // --- Index access (operands on stack) ---
+    GetIndex = 13,
+    SetIndex = 14,
+
+    // --- Binary arithmetic ---
+    Add = 15,
+    Sub = 16,
+    Mul = 17,
+    Div = 18,
+    Mod = 19,
+
+    // --- Unary ---
+    Negate = 20,
+    Not = 21,
+
+    // --- Comparison ---
+    Equal = 22,
+    NotEqual = 23,
+    Greater = 24,
+    GreaterEqual = 25,
+    Less = 26,
+    LessEqual = 27,
+
+    // --- Control flow (operand: i16 relative jump offset) ---
+    Jump = 28,
+    JumpIfFalse = 29,
+    JumpIfTrue = 30,
+    PopJumpIfFalse = 31,
+
+    // --- Functions ---
+    Call = 32,     // operand: u8 arg count
+    Return = 33,
+    Closure = 34,  // operand: u16 proto idx, then N*(u8 is_local, u8 index)
+
+    // --- Object/Array construction ---
+    NewObject = 35,
+    NewArray = 36, // operand: u16 element count
+
+    // --- For-in support ---
+    ForInInit = 37,
+    ForInNext = 38, // operand: i16 done jump offset
+
+    // --- Compound assignment ---
+    CompoundAssignLocal = 39,   // operand: u8 slot + u8 compound-op tag
+    CompoundAssignProp = 40,    // operand: u16 name idx + u8 compound-op tag
+    CompoundAssignIndex = 41,   // operand: u8 compound-op tag
+    CompoundAssignUpvalue = 44, // operand: u8 upvalue idx + u8 compound-op tag
+}
+
+impl OpCode {
+    pub fn from_u8(byte: u8) -> Option<Self> {
+        match byte {
+            0..=41 | 44 => Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<u8, OpCode>(byte) }),
+            42 => Some(OpCode::LoadUpvalue),
+            43 => Some(OpCode::StoreUpvalue),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Total number of distinct opcodes
+    pub const COUNT: usize = 45;
+}
+
+/// Compound assignment operator tags (used as operand byte after
+/// CompoundAssignLocal/Prop/Index).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum CompoundOp {
+    PlusEqual = 0,
+    MinusEqual = 1,
+    StarEqual = 2,
+    SlashEqual = 3,
+    PercentEqual = 4,
+}
+
+impl CompoundOp {
+    pub fn from_u8(byte: u8) -> Option<Self> {
+        if byte <= 4 {
+            Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<u8, CompoundOp>(byte) })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Instruction encoding helpers (for compiler use)
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Write a u8 operand after the opcode byte.
+pub fn emit_u8(code: &mut Vec<u8>, op: OpCode, operand: u8) {
+    code.push(op as u8);
+    code.push(operand);
+}
+
+/// Write a u16 operand after the opcode byte (little-endian).
+pub fn emit_u16(code: &mut Vec<u8>, op: OpCode, operand: u16) {
+    code.push(op as u8);
+    code.push((operand & 0xFF) as u8);
+    code.push(((operand >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8);
+}
+
+/// Write an i16 operand after the opcode byte (little-endian).
+pub fn emit_i16(code: &mut Vec<u8>, op: OpCode, offset: i16) {
+    code.push(op as u8);
+    code.push((offset & 0xFF) as u8);
+    code.push(((offset >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8);
+}
+
+/// Write a standalone opcode byte.
+pub fn emit_op(code: &mut Vec<u8>, op: OpCode) {
+    code.push(op as u8);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Instruction decoding helpers (for VM use)
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Read a u8 at position `ip + 1` (right after the opcode byte).
+pub fn read_u8(code: &[u8], ip: usize) -> u8 {
+    code[ip + 1]
+}
+
+/// Read a u16 at position `ip + 1` (little-endian, right after the opcode byte).
+pub fn read_u16(code: &[u8], ip: usize) -> u16 {
+    (code[ip + 1] as u16) | ((code[ip + 2] as u16) << 8)
+}
+
+/// Read an i16 at position `ip + 1` (little-endian, right after the opcode byte).
+pub fn read_i16(code: &[u8], ip: usize) -> i16 {
+    ((code[ip + 1] as u16) | ((code[ip + 2] as u16) << 8)) as i16
+}
+
+/// Size in bytes of an opcode with no operand.
+pub const SIZE_OP: usize = 1;
+/// Size in bytes of an opcode with a u8 operand.
+pub const SIZE_U8: usize = 2;
+/// Size in bytes of an opcode with a u16/i16 operand.
+pub const SIZE_U16: usize = 3;

aster/src/main.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,21 @@ use std::fs;
 
 fn main() {
     let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+    let use_vm = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--vm");
+    let file_args: Vec<&String> = args.iter().filter(|a| *a != "--vm").collect();
 
-    match args.len() {
+    match file_args.len() {
         1 => aster_core::run_repl(),
         2 => {
-            let filename = &args[1];
+            let filename = file_args[1];
             match fs::read_to_string(filename) {
-                Ok(src) => aster_core::run_file(filename, src),
+                Ok(src) => {
+                    if use_vm {
+                        aster_core::run_file_vm(filename, src)
+                    } else {
+                        aster_core::run_file(filename, src)
+                    }
+                }
                 Err(e) => {
                     eprintln!("Error reading file '{}': {}", filename, e);
                     std::process::exit(1);
@@ -17,7 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
             }
         }
         _ => {
-            eprintln!("Usage: aster [script]");
+            eprintln!("Usage: aster [--vm] [script]");
             std::process::exit(1);
         }
     }